Author: Christine J. Pratt KC

The default rule for the introduction of evidence at trial is that it must be given in person by a witness present in the courtroom, and available for cross-examination by parties adverse in interest to the party calling that witness. However, there are occasions where evidence can go in in an alternate manner. This paper discusses some of the exceptions allowed by the Alberta Rules of Court.

These materials are part of a collection presented at LESA’s Evidence Refresher program in Edmonton on April 23, 2026.